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MECHANISMS OF DEFENSE
DEFINITION MECHANISMS TO BE ABLE TO CONSULT MORE

DEFINITION

The defense mechanisms (or confrontation strategies) are automatic psychological processes that protect the individual opposite to the anxiety and the external threats (like an awkward situation) or you intern (as it can be an unpleasant memory). The individual is usually foreign to these processes.

TYPES OF MECHANISMS

These mechanisms have been divided in levels:

  1. Mechanisms that will provoke an ideal adaptation before stressful events:
    • Affiliation: The individual, before an internal or external threat, looks for help and support in the others.
    • Altruísmo: The individual faces emotional conflicts devoting itself to satisfy the needs for the others.
    • Anticipation: The individual, before internal or external threat or conflict, anticipates the consequences and considers of realistic form alternative solutions.
    • Assertiveness: The individual faces emotional conflicts expressing straight his feelings of not manipulative form.
    • Autoobservation: The individual faces internal or external threats reflecting on his own thoughts, feelings, motivations... and acting in accordance with them.
    • Sense of humor: The individual faces emotional conflicts emphasizing the entertaining or ironic aspects of the conflicts or stressful situations.
    • Sublimation: The individual faces the threats canalizing feelings or impulses potentially desadaptativos in socially acceptable behaviors (deport).
    • Suppression: The individual faces the emotional conflicts avoiding deliberately to think about problems, desires, feelings that produce discomfort to him.
  2. Mechanisms that allow to support out of the conscience the unpleasant thing:
    • Abstention: The individual faces emotional conflicts using words with the symbolic intention of denying or of raising amendments to thoughts, feelings or actions.
    • Dissociation: The individual faces by means of a temporary alteration of the functions of integration of the conscience.
    • Formation reactivates: It faces replacing the behaviors, feelings, unacceptable thoughts with opposite others.
    • Intelectualización: It faces generalizing or being involved in excessively abstract thoughts to minimize feelings that cause him discomfort.
    • Repression: It faces expelling of his conscience (doing unconscious) feelings or desires that produce discomfort to him.
  3. Level of distortions of the image of one himself of the others not to lose self-esteem or to gain it:
    • Devaluation: in moments of emotional conflict, the individual faces attributing qualities exaggeratedly negative to the others.
    • Idealization: The individual faces situations of internal or external threat attributing qualities exaggeratedly positive to the others.
    • Omnipotence: The individual acts before conflict thinking or acting as if he had powers or special capacities and was superior to the others.
  4. Mechanisms that allow to support stress situations out of the conscience without being attributed to erroneous causes:
    • Denial: The individual faces refusing to recognize painful aspects of the external reality or of our interior. In case of giving him an entire denial of the reality it would be named a Psychotic Denial.
    • Projection: The individual faces attributing incorrectly to other feelings or proper thoughts that turn out to be unacceptable to him.
    • Rationalization: The individual faces inventing his own explanations, soothing but incorrect, to conceal real motivations that govern his thoughts or actions.
  5. Level characterized by an enormous distortion of the reality:
    • Autistic fantasy: The individual faces situations of internal or external threat by means of excessive fantasies that replace the resolution of the problem.
    • Polarization: The individual tends to meet to in or to the others as completely good or bad without managing to integrate the positive and negative qualities of each one.
  6. Clash mechanisms to threat by means of action or retreat:
    • Passive aggression: The individual faces internal aggressive reaction without other going so far as to perceive it, it is like a mask like which he hides hostility and resentment. It can be simply an answer of survival of a subordinate before a chief, who does not have another more open form of assertiveness.
    • Complaints or rejection of help: The individual expresses complaints or requests of help that hide rejection and hostility, and that then express themselves with rejection or displeasure to any help offering.
    • Apathetic retreat: Individual that instead of facing, simply se4 retreat without giving changes samples in his feelings.
We all use all these mechanisms as a survival way, nevertheless, an extreme use of some of them would be pathological and desencadenador of disorders. For example, an autism might be defined as an extreme use of the mechanism of the denial, and an excessive repression would be the principal carácterística of a neurotic person that sins of controlling too much his impulses.

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Writing: Medical equipment   Update: June, 2009


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