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 DEFINITION
Conceptualmente we can define the disfemia as a disorder of the verbal fluency in which organic anomalies do not happen and it is characterized by the verbal interruptions that they affect to the rhythm of the language and to the melody of the speech.
TYPES OF DISFEMIAS
There are several types of disfemias:
- Initial stuttering: It takes place between the 3 and 4 years. Not all the children spend it, although his suffering is considered to be normal inside the communicative development.
- Stuttering in strict sense: It appears between the 7 and 10 years. It is the disfemia in strict sense, the pathological one. On the part of the associate symptomatology, we find first of all the linguistic declarations, which are: use of verbal pet phrases; periphrasis and redundant language; syntactic alterations and incomplete phrases; and I abuse of synonymous. Then there are the behavioral declarations, which are: shyness and logofobia (for the social rejection that the sputterers experience); reactions of anxiety and anxiety at the time of communicating; avoidance conducts in communicative situations; emotional declarations of diverse type (flush, shyness, etc.) Then are the corporal and respiratory declarations, which are: sincinesias corporal (involuntary corporal movements); alterations in the facial musculature (tics, tension, gestures, etc.) ; hypertension of the muscles articualtorios and laryngeal and corporal; alteration fonorrespiratoria (uncoordination between the activity of inspiration and that of expiration); and answers psicogalvánicas (sudoración, paleness, etc.)
CLASSIFICATION OF THE STUTTERING
As for the classification, there are three types of stuttering (of the in strict sense one, according to the previous classification):
- Tonic stuttering: It is characterized by the entire interruption of the speech during certain time (spasm or muscular immobilization), producing to him next a sudden emission of the verbal expression.
- Clonal stuttering: It is a question of involuntary, sudden and explosive repetitions of a syllable or group of syllables during the verbal emission.
- Tonic stuttering - clonal: There happen the characteristics of two previous ones. It is the most frequent.
FACTORS ETIOLÓGICOS
On the part of the factors etiológicos (etiology multifactorial), we can emphasize that any organic anomaly discards; it influences the heredity (the familiar precedents cause the illness in 30 % of the cases); the sex (it happens more in men); the upset lateralidad (persons who were left-handed and they forced them to write with the right hand); delayed auditory feedback; disorders of personality and answer to the anxiety; lacking in coordination between the systems respiratory and fonatorio; and learning.
EDUCATIONAL NEEDS
As for the special educational needs of the children with difficulties in the verbal fluency, they are: need for corporal muscular relaxation and for the muscles articulatorios to acquire fluency in the speech; need to reduce the social anxiety; need to achieve the coordination of the respiratory conduct; need to do suitable and positive cognitive attributions (to change thoughts of the type "I will fail on having tried it" for "can improve my speech); and need to learn to slow down the words emission and to emphasize the joint of the phonemes to achieve clarity in the verbal language.
As for the educational answer, on the part of the methodological process there would be the reflective methods (to learn to speak in an analytical way, autoobservándose while one speaks), and the methods diversivos (to distract the attention of the person on his speech habit and to diminish the logofobia) In addition to this, in the disfemia it is necessary to do psychotherapy and intervention logopédica (intervention of the corporal hipertonía and of the muscles fonatorios); intervention in the respiration and intervention in the fluency, rhythm of the verbal emission.
WHAT DOCTOR CAN TREAT ME?
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DEFINITION 
