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ANTIBIOTICS | |
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 DESCRIPTION MECHANISMS OF ACTION - CLASSIFICATION ADVERSE EFFECTS BETA-LACTÁMICOS AMINOGLUCOSIDOS MACRÓLIDOS TETRACILINAS CLORAMFENICOL GLICOPEPTIDOS LICOMICINA AND CLINDAMICINA METRONIDAZOL QUINOLOMAS SULFAMIDAS OTHER ANTIBIOTICS TO CONSULT |
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The antibiotics, or antimicrobial agents, are substances (obtained of bacteria or fungi, or obtained of chemical synthesis) that are used in the infections treatment. The election of one or another antibiotic in the treatment of an infection depends on the microorganism (obtained by cultivation or supposed by the experience), on the sensibility of the microorganism (obtained by an antibiograma or supposed by the experience), the gravity of the illness, the toxicity, the precedents of allergy of the patient and the cost. In serious infections it can be necessary to combine several antibiotics. The administration route can be oral (capsules, envelopes), local (eyewashes, drops, etc) or injectable (intramuscular or intravenous). The serious infections usually need the intravenous route.
The antibiotics act across 2 principal mechanisms: Killing the existing microorganisms (bactericidal action), and preventing his reproduction (bacteriostatic action). His mechanism of predominant action divides them in 2 big groups:
PENICILINAS The penicilinas are the most ancient antibiotics, and they keep on being those of the first election in many infections. They act breaking the bacterial wall. Many types of penicillin exist:
CEFALOSPORINAS They are antibiotic partly similar to the penicilinas, but in contrast to those (that proceed partially or completely of the mushroom Penicillium), the cefalosporinas are completely of chemical synthesis. The cefalosporinas qualify in "generations", according to the type of bacteria that they attack:
OTHER ANTIBIOTICS BETA-LACTAMICOS Imipenem and aztreonam there are the prototypes of new antibiotic groups a beta - lactámicos. The acid clavulánico or the sulbactam they have very little activity, but they inhibit the beta - lactamasa that many bacteria produce, therefore they collaborate with other penicilinas to increase his activity.
All the aminoglucósidos are poisonous on the kidney and the ear. The eritromicina and similar medicines (claritromicina, azitromicina, etc) are active, especially, opposite to microorganisms of the called 'gram-positives' and they have utility in many infections (tonsillitis, mouth infections, pneumonias, etc), especially in allergic to penicillin. They produce stomach inconveniences in many persons. The tetraciclinas (oxitetraciclina, demeclociclina, doxiciclina, minociclina, aureomicina …) they have a very wide activity bogey. They are used in infections of mouth, bronchitis, and infections for relatively rare bacteria as rickettsias, clamidias, brucellosis, etc, and in the syphilis in allergic to penicillin. They produce stomach inconveniences, sobreinfecciones, you stain in the teeth, and abnormal growth of the bones in children and woman's fetuses gestante. Gestation trimester must never be used in children younger than 8 years not in 1.er. It is an antibiotic of very wide bogey, but it can produce an anemia aplásica (finished absence of red globules for toxicity on the bone marrow), that can become mortal. For it, his employment limits itself to the local use in eyewashes and drops for the ears ("chemicetina"); as well as for very serious infections when other antibiotics are less effective or more poisonous, like for example fever typhoid and some meningitises.
There are very active antibiotics opposite to microorganisms called "gram-positive", even the resistant ones to penicilinas and cefalosporinas. By it they are used in serious hospitable infections, especially in allergic to penicillin. They are active also opposite to microorganisms called "gram-positive", but also they can with other microorganisms called anaerobic. Also they are used in hospital infections, especially in allergic to penicillin. The clindamicina is used locally in some leather infections. There are used against a few microorganisms called protozoans (Giardia, Tricomona and others), and also against called anaerobic. Depending on the type of infection, it is possible to use for oral, intravenous route or in vaginal ova. There are 2 quinolonas sub-groups. The most ancient (acid nalidíxico, acidic pipemídico) only act against some microorganisms of the called 'gram-negatives' and are used only how antiseptic urinal (in light urine infections). The most recent, or fluoroquinolonas, include medicines as norfloxacino, ciprofloxacino and ofloxacino, and they are active opposite to many other bacteria, including the called Pseudomonkey (a dangerous bacterium that causes very serious infections). There are synthetic, bacteriostatic antimicrobial agents, with a wide bogey that includes most of the "gram-positives" and many 'gram-negatives'. At present in relative desuetude, with the exception of some local sulfamidas (sulfadiazina argéntica, mafenida), and of the combination trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (or cotrimoxazol) that uses in urinal and bronchial infections, in the fever typhoid and in other infections, and that is of election for the treatment and the prevention of the pneumonia for the protozoan Pneumocystis carinii, that it affects the patients with AIDS.
The tuberculostáticos are a group of medicines (rifampicina, isoniazida, etambutol, pirazinamida …) recounted in the guide TUBERCULOSIS. The polipéptidos (polimixina B, colistina, bacitracina) are poisonous and his use limits itself to the local application. The espectinomicina uses only in the treatment of the infections gonocócicas (to See SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES). |
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DESCRIPTION |
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